Journal paper

Issue No.	No. 35
Title	Japanese Views on the Compatriot-Barbarians ─Diplomacy and International Protocol of Japan during the 7th~9th Centuries
Author	Lee-Hsin Lo
Page	49-114
Abstract	Japan’s foreign policy, during the 7th through the 9th centuries, was to regard the Tang Dynasty as its neighboring country, while Korean Peninsular and Pohai, its subsidiary countries. The Emishi, the Hayato, and the natives of Southern islands, were being treated as barbarian tribes. Neighboring country was supposed to enjoy an equal relationship with Japan while a ruler-subjects relationship was established between subsidiary counties or barbarian tribes who were obliged to pay tributes to their Japanese ruler. This tributes offering circle with Japan as its center point is Japanese Views on the Compatriot-Barbarians 　　Motivated by this concept, Japan had engaged in its foreign relationship with those countries and nationalities through exchanging of international credentials, reception protocols, and tributes offering and rewarding. However, it was the intense relationship with the Tang Dynasty, or the desire to establish international trade with Japan, not admiration for the “virtue” of Japanese emperor that had propelled those countries to offer their tributes. It was for this reason that, in the mid-8th century, diplomatic disputes often arose out of whether to present credentials or not. With the assimilation of the Emishi and the Hayato one after another, the “Tiny Empire” eventually existed without any substance and were in name only.
Keyword	Compatriot-Barbarians, neighboring country, Pohai, Emishi, Hayato, barbarian tribes
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