Journal paper

Issue No.	No. 35
Title	Self-Discipline and Learning from the Nature-Two Dimensions of Self-Introspection by the Literati of Middle-Tang Period
Author	NA
Page	1-47
Abstract	The Sui（隋） Dynasty abolished the local bureaucrats and introduced the system of national examination for the civil service. The effect of such change became noticeable at the early stage of the Tang Dynasty. The Literati paid less attention to their behavior and manner. The formation of cliques between certain literati and the corruption were also the obvious outcomes. Civil servants and the gentries emerged as the center of the social network. The commoners suffered oft from poverty and lost their voice gradually. 　　After the An-Shi-Rebel（安史之亂） during Xuan-zong’s（玄宗） reign, civil service was monopolized by the influential gentries. Political cliques became more powerful and decadent bureaucrats a common scene. 　　Some scholars of the Zhen-yuan（貞元） and yuan-he（元和） periods started promoting self-introspection, which appeared in two main forms: Selfdiscipline and Learning from the Nature. Han Yu（韓愈） and Li Ao（李翱） emphasized the study of mind, while Liu Zong-yuan（柳宗元） and Liu Yu-xi （劉禹錫） accented the Learning of and from the nature. Both aimed at the positive attitude towards life the heaven-mandates, in order to create a better living condition for the people.
Keyword	Abolishing Local Bureaucrats, the Practice of National Examination for Service, The Study of Mind, Taxation in Two Periods
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