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Journal paper

Issue No. No. 59 
Title Japan-American Conflicts in the Hongkew district of Shanghai in 1921 
Author Ying, Chun-hao 
Page 101-140 
Abstract   This article investigates the background to a series of conflicts between American and Japanese forces in the Hongkew district of the Shanghai International Settlement. It seeks to clarify the causes of these conflicts, which took place in 1921 and were often of a violent nature, by looking at Japanese-American relations at the end of World War I. The paper shows that these conflicts were related to Japanese and American interests in China; in particular, they had to do with the Tientsin incident of 1919. The paper also examines how the English-language papers in Shanghai covered these conflicts, and uses their coverage to shed light on the many political and social concerns that fueled the tension between the two nations. 
Keyword American Japanese conflicts in Honkew Shanghai in 1921, American-Japanese confrontation after World War I, English newspapers opinion, Shanghai International Settlement  
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